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Harcourt Science 6th Grade Reading Support and Homework Teachers Book 2008

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Type of bookish written report volume

Textbooks written in Pashto distributed to Afghan school children

A textbook is a volume containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of written report with the intention of explaining information technology. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, unremarkably at educational institutions. Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools.[i] [2] Today, many textbooks are published in both print and digital formats.

History [edit]

The history of textbooks dates back to ancient civilizations. For case, Ancient Greeks wrote educational texts. The modern textbook has its roots in the mass production made possible by the printing press. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed editions of Ars Pocket-sized, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers (e.g. alphabet books), likewise as by individuals who taught themselves.

The Greek philosopher Socrates lamented the loss of knowledge because the media of transmission were changing.[three] Before the invention of the Greek alphabet ii,500 years ago, noesis and stories were recited aloud, much like Homer's epic poems. The new technology of writing meant stories no longer needed to be memorized, a development Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks' mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Ironically, we know well-nigh Socrates' concerns only because they were written downwards past his student Plato in his famous Dialogues.) [four]

The adjacent revolution in the field of books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. The invention is attributed to German language metalsmith Johannes Gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metallic blend and constructed a wooden-screw printing press to transfer the prototype onto paper.

Gutenberg's first and only large-scale printing attempt was the now iconic Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s — a Latin translation from the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. Gutenberg'due south invention fabricated mass product of texts possible for the starting time fourth dimension. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was expensive, printed books began to spread widely over European trade routes during the next l years, and by the 16th century, printed books had become more widely accessible and less costly.[5]

While many textbooks were already in employ, compulsory education and the resulting growth of schooling in Europe led to the printing of many more textbooks for children. Textbooks have been the principal teaching instrument for nigh children since the 19th century. Two textbooks of historical significance in U.s.a. schooling were the 18th century New England Primer and the 19th century McGuffey Readers.

Recent technological advances accept changed the style people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly like shooting fish in a barrel for students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook. Students now have admission to electronic books ("e-books"), online tutoring systems and video lectures. An example of an e-book is Principles of Biological science from Nature Publishing.

Most notably, an increasing number of authors are fugitive commercial publishers and instead offering their textbooks under a creative commons or other open license.

Marketplace [edit]

The market for textbooks [edit]

Every bit in many industries, the number of providers has declined in contempo years (there are just a scattering of major textbook companies in the United States).[vi] Also, elasticity of need is fairly low. The term "cleaved market" appeared in the economist James Koch'south analysis of the market commissioned by the Informational Commission on Student Financial Assistance.[7]

In the United States, the largest textbook publishers are Pearson Education, Cengage, McGraw-Hill Didactics, and Wiley. Together they control 90% of market revenue.[8] Another textbook publisher is Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.[9]

The market for textbooks doesn't reflect classic supply and demand considering of agency issues.[10]

New editions and the used book market in the United States [edit]

Some students salvage money by buying used copies of textbooks, which tend to exist less expensive, and are bachelor from many college bookstores in the US, who buy them dorsum from students at the stop of a term. Books that are not existence re-used at the school are ofttimes purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-xxx% of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores. Some textbook companies have countered this past encouraging teachers to assign homework that must exist done on the publisher'southward website. Students with a new textbook can use the pass code in the book to register on the site; otherwise they must pay the publisher to access the website and complete assigned homework.

Students who look across the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or championship, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used volume sellers or retailers.

Most leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math and science. Harvard economic science chair James K. Stock has stated that new editions are often not about meaning improvements to the content. "New editions are to a considerable extent only another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their revenue stream, that is, to go on upwards prices."[11] A study conducted by The Pupil PIRGs found that a new edition costs 12% more than than a new copy of the previous edition (not surprising if the old version is obsolete), and 58% more a used copy of the previous edition. Textbook publishers maintain these new editions are driven past demand from teachers. That study institute that 76% of teachers said new editions were justified "half of the time or less" and twoscore% said they were justified "rarely" or "never".[12] The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the almanac average cost of textbooks per student.[13]

The Student PIRGs too bespeak out that recent accent on due east-textbooks does not always save students money. Even though the book costs less upwards-front, the educatee will not recover any of the cost through resale.[xiv]

Bundling in the Usa [edit]

Another publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is "bundling", or shrink-wrapping supplemental items into a textbook.[ commendation needed ] Supplemental items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online passcodes and bonus textile. Students often cannot buy these things separately, and often the 1-time-use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook.[xv]

According to the Student PIRGs, the typical arranged textbook is 10%-fifty% more[ clarification needed ] than an unbundled textbook, and 65% of professors said they "rarely" or "never" utilize the bundled items in their courses.[12]

A 2005 Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report in the United States constitute that the production of these supplemental items was the primary cause of speedily increasing prices:

While publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factor contributing to increases in the price of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers have made in new products to enhance educational activity and learning...While wholesalers, retailers, and others practise non question the quality of these materials, they accept expressed business organization that the publishers' practise of packaging supplements with a textbook to sell every bit one unit limits the opportunity students take to purchase less expensive used books....If publishers continue to increment these investments, peculiarly in applied science, the cost to produce a textbook is likely to keep to increase in the hereafter.[sixteen]

Bundling has also been used to segment the used book marketplace. Each combination of a textbook and supplemental items receives a carve up ISBN. A unmarried textbook could therefore take dozens of ISBNs that announce different combinations of supplements packaged with that item book. When a bookstore attempts to track downwards used copies of textbooks, they will search for the ISBN the class teacher orders, which volition locate simply a subset of the copies of the textbook.

Legislation at state and federal levels seeks to limit the practice of bundling, by requiring publishers to offering all components separately.[17] Publishers have testified in favor of bills including this provision,[18] just but in the case that the provision exempts the loosely defined category of "integrated textbooks." The Federal bill[xix] just exempts third party materials in integrated textbooks, even so publisher lobbyists have attempted to create a loophole through this definition in state bills.[xx] [21]

Price disclosure [edit]

Given that the problem of loftier textbook prices is linked to the "broken" economic science of the market, requiring publishers to disclose textbook prices to faculty is a solution pursued by a number of legislatures.[22] By inserting price into sales interactions, this regulation will supposedly make the economical forces operate more commonly.

No data suggests that this is in fact truthful. Nonetheless, The Student PIRGs have institute that publishers actively withhold pricing data from faculty, making it difficult to obtain. Their nearly recent report found that 77% of kinesthesia say publisher sales representatives do not volunteer prices, and only 40% got an answer when they directly asked. Furthermore, the study constitute that 23% of kinesthesia rated publisher websites every bit "informative and easy to use" and less than one-half said they typically listed the toll.[23]

The U.s. Congress passed a law in the 2008 Higher Pedagogy Opportunity Act that would crave price disclosure.[17] [24] [25] Legislation requiring cost disclosure has passed in Connecticut,[26] Washington,[27] [28] Minnesota,[29] Oregon,[27] Arizona,[30] Oklahoma,[31] and Colorado.[21] Publishers are currently supporting price disclosure mandates, though they insist that the "suggested retail price"[32] should be disclosed, rather than the actual cost the publisher would get for the book.

Used textbook market [edit]

Once a textbook is purchased from a retailer for the first time, there are several ways a student tin sell his/her textbooks back at the stop of the semester or later. Students can sell to one) the college/university bookstore; 2) young man students; 3) a number of online websites; or 4) a educatee swap service.

Campus buyback [edit]

As for buyback on a specific campus, faculty decisions largely determine how much a student receives. If a professor chooses to use the same book the following semester, even if it is a custom text, designed specifically for an private instructor, bookstores often buy the volume back. The GAO report found that, generally, if a volume is in practiced condition and will be used on the campus again the next term, bookstores volition pay students fifty percentage of the original price paid. If the bookstore has not received a kinesthesia order for the book at the end of the term and the edition is still current, they may offer students the wholesale price of the book, which could range from five to 35 percent of the new retail price, co-ordinate to the GAO study.[16]

When students resell their textbooks during campus "buyback" periods, these textbooks are often sold into the national used textbook distribution concatenation. If a textbook is non going to be used on campus for the next semester of courses and then many times the college bookstore will sell that book to a national used volume company. The used book company then resells the volume to another college bookstore. Finally, that book is sold as used to a student at another college at a price that is typically 75% of the new volume cost. At each step, a markup is applied to the book to enable the respective companies to continue to operate.

Pupil to student sales [edit]

Students tin can also sell or trade textbooks among themselves. After completing a course, sellers will often seek out members of the next enrolling class, people who are likely to exist interested in purchasing the required books. This may be washed by posting flyers to advertise the sale of the books or simply soliciting individuals who are shopping in the college bookstore for the same titles. Many larger schools have independent websites fix for the purpose of facilitating such trade. These often operate much like digital classified ads, enabling students to list their items for auction and browse for those they wish to acquire. Likewise, at the United states of america Air Strength Academy, it is possible to e-mail unabridged specific classes, allowing for an all-encompassing network of textbook sales to exist.

Student online marketplaces [edit]

Online marketplaces are i of the ii major types of online websites students can utilize to sell used textbooks. Online marketplaces may have an online auction format or may let the educatee to listing their books for a fixed price. In either example, the educatee must create the listing for each book themselves and look for a heir-apparent to order, making the utilise of marketplaces a more passive way of selling used textbooks. Unlike campus buyback and online volume, students are unlikely to sell all their books to one heir-apparent using online marketplaces, and will likely accept to transport out multiple books individually.

Online volume buyers [edit]

Online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for a profit. Like online marketplaces, online book buyers operate year-circular, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when campus "buyback" periods are non in effect. Online book buyers, who are often online volume sellers besides, will sometimes disclaim whether or non a book tin exist sold back prior to purchase. Students enter the ISBN numbers of the books they wish to sell and receive a toll quote or offer. These online book buyers often offering "costless shipping" (which in actuality is built into the offering for the book), and allow students to sell multiple books to the same source. Because online volume buyers are buying books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than students tin can become on online marketplaces. However, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their service. Some even claim that buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than fifty-fifty textbook rental services.

Textbook exchanges [edit]

In response to escalating textbook prices, limited competition, and to provide a more efficient arrangement to connect buyers and sellers together, online textbook exchanges were adult. Most of today's sites handle buyer and seller payments, and commonly deduct a small commission only after the auction is completed.

According to textbook author Henry L. Roediger (and Wadsworth Publishing Visitor senior editor Vicki Knight), the used textbook market is illegitimate, and entirely to blame for the rising costs of textbooks. As methods of "dealing with this problem", he recommends making previous editions of textbooks obsolete, binding the textbook with other materials, and passing laws to preclude the sale of used books.[33] The concept is not dissimilar the limited licensing approach for estimator software, which places rigid restrictions on resale and reproduction. The intent is to brand users understand that the content of any textbook is the intellectual property of the writer and/or the publisher, and that as such, subject area to copyright. Plainly, this idea is completely opposed to the millennia-old tradition of the sale of used books, and would brand that entire industry illegal.

E-textbooks [edit]

Another alternative to save money and obtaining the materials you lot are required are eastward-textbooks. The article "E books rewrite the rules of didactics" states that, alternately to spending a lot of money on textbooks, y'all can purchase an e-textbook at a modest amount of the toll. With the growth of digital applications for iPhone, and gadgets like the Amazon kindle, e-textbooks are non an innovation, but have been "gaining momentum".[34] According to the article " Are textbooks obsolete?", publishers and editorials are concerned about the outcome of expensive textbooks. "The expense of textbooks is a business for students, and e-textbooks, address the face of the outcome, Williams says " As publishers nosotros understand the high cost of these materials, and the electronic format let u.s.a. diminish the general expense of our content to the market".[35] E-textbook applications facilitate similar experiences to concrete textbooks by assuasive the user to highlight and take notes in-page. These applications also extend textbook learning by providing quick definitions, reading the text aloud, and search functionality.[36]

Rental programs [edit]

In-store rentals are candy past either using a kiosk and ordering books online with a third party facilitator or renting directly from the store's inventory. Some stores employ a hybrid of both methods, opting for in-store selections of the most popular books and the online option for more than obscure titles or books they consider too risky to put in the rental organization. Rented items can be used for a set duration of time, and so are required to be returned to the physical store or shipped dorsum to the tertiary party facilitator by the rental due date. Writing and highlighting is sometimes allowed in rented items, although excessive markup which makes the item unrentable is discouraged.[37] Overdue items are often charged a fee up to the retail cost of the rented detail. Rented items typically do not include supplemental materials such as access codes, CDs, or loose-leafs.[38]

Textbook sharing [edit]

Using textbook sharing, students share the concrete textbook with other students, and the cost of the volume is divided amid the users of the textbook. Over the life of the textbook, if iv students use the textbook, the cost of the textbook for each student will be 25% of the total cost of the book.

Open textbooks [edit]

The latest tendency in textbooks is "open textbooks." An open textbook is a free, openly licensed textbook offered online by the copyright holders. Co-ordinate to PIRG, a number of textbooks already be, and are being used at schools such as MIT and Harvard.[39] A 2010 written report published found that open textbooks offering a viable and bonny means to encounter faculty and student needs while offer savings of approximately lxxx% compared to traditional textbook options.[40]

Although the largest question seems to be who is going to pay to write them, several country policies suggest that public investment in open textbooks might make sense.[41] [ commendation needed ] To offer some other perspective[ citation needed ], whatever jurisdiction might find itself challenged to discover sufficient numbers of credible academics who would be willing to undertake the attempt of creating an open textbook without realistic compensation, in order to brand such a proposal work. Currently, some open textbooks have been funded with non-turn a profit investment.

The other claiming involves the reality of publishing, which is that textbooks with good sales and profitability subsidize the creation and publication of low demand simply believed to be necessary textbooks.[ citation needed ] Subsidies skew markets and the elimination of subsidies is disruptive; in the case of depression need textbooks the possibilities post-obit subsidy removal include whatever or all of the following: higher retail prices, a switch to open textbooks, a reduction of the number of titles published.

On the other paw, independent open textbook authoring and publishing models are developing. Most notably, the startup publisher Flat Earth Knowledge already has dozens of college-level open textbooks that are used by more 900 institutions in 44 countries.[42] [43] [44] Their business model[45] was to offer the open up textbook gratuitous online,[46] [47] and then sell ancillary products that students are likely to purchase if prices are reasonable - print copies, study guides, ePub, .Mobi (Kindle), PDF download, etc. Flat World Noesis compensates its authors with royalties on these sales.[48] With the generated revenue Flat World Noesis funded loftier-quality publishing activities with a goal of making the Flat Earth fiscal model sustainable. However, in January, 2013 Apartment Earth Knowledge announced their fiscal model could no longer sustain their free-to-read options for students.[49] Flat World Knowledge intends to have open textbooks available for the 125 highest-enrolled courses on higher campuses within the next few years.[l]

CK-12 FlexBooks are the open textbooks designed for United States Thousand-12 courses.[51] CK-12 FlexBooks are designed to facilitate conformance to national and United States and individual land textbook standards. CK-12 FlexBooks are licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license. CK-12 FlexBooks are free to use online and offering formats suitable for use on portable personal reading devices and computers - both online and offline. Formats for both iPad and Kindle are offered. School districts may select a championship as is or customize the open textbook to meet local instructional standards. The file may be and then accessed electronically or printed using any impress on demand service without paying a royalty, saving 80% or more when compared to traditional textbook options. An instance print on demand open textbook title, "College Algebra" by Stitz & Zeager through Lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $20 ordered one at a time (March, 2011).[52] (Any print on demand service could exist used - this is just an instance. School districts could easily negotiate even lower prices for bulk purchases to be printed in their own communities.) Instructor's editions are available for educators and parents. Titles have been authored by various individuals and organizations and are vetted for quality prior to inclusion in the CK-12 itemize. An effort is underway to map country educational standards correlations.[53] Stanford University provided a number of titles in use.[54]

Curriki is another modular One thousand-12 content non-profit "empowering educators to evangelize and share curricula." Selected Curriki materials are also correlated to U.S. state educational standards.[55] Some Curriki content has been collected into open textbooks and some may exist used for modular lessons or special topics.

International market pricing [edit]

Like to the consequence of reimportation of pharmaceuticals into the U.South. marketplace, the GAO report[16] also highlights a similar phenomenon in textbook distribution. Retailers and publishers have expressed business concern nearly the re-importation of lower-priced textbooks from international locations. Specifically, they cited the ability students have to purchase books from online distribution channels exterior the United states at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for U.S. retailers. Additionally, the availability of lower-priced textbooks through these channels has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores notice it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the National Association of College Stores. Retailers and publishers accept also been concerned that some U.South. retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large scale by ordering textbooks for unabridged courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. While the 1998 Supreme Court decision Quality King v. 50'anza protects the reimportation of copyrighted materials nether the starting time-sale doctrine, textbook publishers accept yet attempted to prevent the U.S. sale of international editions by enforcing contracts which forbid strange wholesalers from selling to American distributors.[56] Concerned about the effects of differential pricing on college stores, the National Association of College Stores has chosen on publishers to stop the practice of selling textbooks at lower prices exterior the United states of america.[57] For instance, some U.S. booksellers arrange for driblet-shipments in foreign countries which are so re-shipped to America where the books can be sold online at used prices (for a "new" unopened book). The authors often getting one-half-royalties instead of full-royalties, minus the charges for returned books from bookstores.

Production [edit]

Cost distribution [edit]

Co-ordinate to the National Association of Higher Stores, the entire cost of the volume is justified by expenses, with typically 11.7% of the price of a new book going to the author's royalties (or a committee of editors at the publishing house), 22.7% going to the store, and 64.vi% going to the publisher. The shop and publisher amounts are slightly higher for Canada.[ commendation needed ] Bookstores and used-volume vendors profit from the resale of textbooks on the used market place, with publishers only earning profits on sales of new textbooks.[ commendation needed ]

Research [edit]

According to the GAO study published July 2005:

Following closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbook and supply prices have risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last two decades.

Ascension at an average of vi per centum each year since academic year 1987-1988, compared with overall average toll increases of three percentage per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases, which averaged 7 percent per year. Since December 1986, textbook and supply prices have virtually tripled, increasing by 186 percent, while tuition and fees increased by 240 pct and overall prices grew by 72 percent. While increases in textbook and supply prices have followed increases in tuition and fees, the cost of textbooks and supplies for degree-seeking students as a percentage of tuition and fees varies by the type of institution attended. For example, the boilerplate estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-time student for academic year 2003-2004 was $898 at 4-year public institutions, or about 26 percent of the cost of tuition and fees. At ii-year public institutions, where low-income students are more likely to pursue a degree plan and tuition and fees are lower, the boilerplate estimated cost of books and supplies per offset-time, full-fourth dimension educatee was $886 in academic year 2003-2004, representing nigh 3-quarters of the cost of tuition and fees.[16]

Co-ordinate to the 2nd edition of a study by the United states of america Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG) published in February 2005[ citation needed ]: "Textbook prices are increasing at more than 4 times the inflation charge per unit for all finished goods, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Cost Index. The wholesale prices charged by textbook publishers have jumped 62 percent since 1994, while prices charged for all finished goods increased only 14 percent. Similarly, the prices charged past publishers for general books increased just 19 pct during the same fourth dimension period."

According to the 2007 edition of the College Board'southward Tendency in College Pricing Written report published October 2007[ citation needed ]: "Higher costs continue to rising and federal student aid has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, equally a percentage of total college costs, have remained steady at most v pct."

K-12 textbooks [edit]

In nigh U.South. K-12 public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to buy from a pick of books that have been approved by the state Section of Pedagogy. Teachers receive the books to give to the students for each subject. Teachers are commonly non required to use textbooks, however, and many prefer to utilize other materials instead.

Textbook publishing in the U.S. is a business primarily aimed at large states. This is due to state purchasing controls over the books, well-nigh notably in Texas, where the Texas Pedagogy Agency sets curricula for all courses taught by the country's 1,000+ school districts, and therefore as well approves which textbooks can exist purchased.

Ordinarily used American history textbooks are customized for students in California and Texas.[58]

Loftier schoolhouse [edit]

In recent years, loftier school textbooks of United states history have come up under increasing criticism. Authors such every bit Howard Zinn (A People's History of the Us), Gilbert T. Sewall (Textbooks: Where the Curriculum Meets the Child) and James W. Loewen (Lies My Instructor Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong), make the claim that U.S. history textbooks contain mythical untruths and omissions, which paint a whitewashed picture that bears trivial resemblance to what virtually students larn in universities. Inaccurately retelling history, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from ancient Rome to the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People'southward Republic of China. The content of history textbooks is often determined by the political forces of state adoption boards and ideological pressure groups.[ citation needed ]

Science textbooks accept been the source of ongoing debates and accept come under scrutiny from several organizations. The presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific textile has been debated in several court cases. Poorly designed textbooks take been cited as contributing to declining grades in mathematics and science in the U.s.a. and organizations such every bit the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) accept criticized the layout, presentation, and amount of material given in textbooks.

Discussions of textbooks accept been included on creation and evolution in the public pedagogy debate. The Smith v. Board of Schoolhouse Commissioners of Mobile County case brought forrard a fence well-nigh scientific fact being presented in textbooks.

In his book, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, the late physics Nobel Prize laureate Richard P. Feynman described his experiences equally a member of a committee that evaluated science textbooks.[59] At some instances, there were nonsensical examples to illustrate concrete phenomena; then a visitor sent — for reasons of timing — a textbook that contained blank pages, which even got good critiques. Feynman himself experienced attempts at bribery.

Mathematics [edit]

Largely in the US, just increasingly in other nations, K-12 Mathematics textbooks have reflected the controversies of new math and reform mathematics which accept sought to replace traditional mathematics in what have been called the math wars. Traditional texts, withal favored in Asia and other areas, merely taught the same time-tested mathematics that most adults accept learned. Past contrast "progressive" approaches seek to address issues in social inequity[ citation needed ] with approaches that often incorporate principles of constructivism and discovery. Texts such as TERC and CMP discourage or omit standard mathematics methods and concepts such as long partition and lowest common denominators. For example, an alphabetize entry to multiply fractions would pb to "devise your own method to multiply fractions which piece of work on these examples", and the formula for the area of a circle would be an do for a pupil to derive rather than including information technology in the educatee text. By the 2000s, while some districts were withal adopting the more novel methods, others had abased them as unworkable.

College education [edit]

In the U.S., higher and university textbooks are chosen by the professor education the course, or by the section as a whole. Students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses, although alternatives to owning textbooks, such every bit textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, are bachelor in some instances.

In some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay for textbooks themselves, although higher teaching is free of charge otherwise.

With higher education costs on the ascension, many students are becoming sensitive to every aspect of higher pricing, including textbooks, which in many cases corporeality to one 10th of tuition costs. The 2005 Government Accountability Office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices take risen twice the rate of aggrandizement in the past two decades[ commendation needed ]. A 2005 PIRG report institute that textbooks cost students $900 per twelvemonth, and that prices [16] increased iv times the rate of aggrandizement over the by decade.[60] A June 2007 Advisory Committee on Pupil Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, "Turn the Page," reported that the average U.S. pupil spends $700–$thou per year on textbooks.[61]

While many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the ACSFA also plant that assigning blame to any one party—kinesthesia, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for electric current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which included a move toward open textbooks and other lower-cost digital solutions.

Textbook prices are considerably higher in law school. Students ordinarily pay shut to $200 for case books consisting of cases available free online.

Textbook bias on controversial topics [edit]

In cases of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, "the writer might be biased towards one fashion or another. Topics such equally actions of a country, presidential actions, and scientific theories are common potential biases".[ citation needed ]

Encounter as well [edit]

  • John Amos Comenius - Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian who is credited by some with introducing pictorial textbooks
  • Orbis Pictus - 1658 textbook by Comenius, one of the outset books with pictures for children
  • Casebook - A special type of textbook used in law schools in the United States.
  • Kirtsaeng 5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - 2013 decision of the United states of america Supreme Court regarding textbook resale
  • Japanese textbook controversy
  • Pakistani textbooks controversy
  • NCERT textbook controversy
  • Kanawha County textbook controversy
  • Sourcebook – collection of texts, oft used in social sciences and humanities in the U.s.a.
  • Workbook - Usually filled with practice issues, where the answers can be written straight in the book.
  • Problem book - A textbook, commonly graduate level, organized as a series of problems and full solutions.
  • Open textbook - A textbook licensed under an open copyright license, and fabricated available online to be freely used
  • List of medical textbooks
  • List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
  • List of textbooks in electromagnetism
  • Listing of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
  1. ^ "schoolbook". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  2. ^ "schoolbook - definition of schoolbook in English from the Oxford lexicon". Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 23 Apr 2016.
  3. ^ "Truthful Stuff: Socrates vs. The Written Word". Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2013-05-12 . True Stuff: Socrates vs. the Written Word, January 27th, 2011. Past David Malki
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Baier, Kylie, et al. "College students' textbook reading, or not." American Reading Forum Annual Yearbook Vol. 31. 2011. online
  • Berkeley, Sheri, et al. "Are History Textbooks More "Considerate" After 20 Years?." Journal of Special Education (2014) 47#4 PP: 217-230.
  • Buczynski, James A. "Faculty begin to supercede textbooks with "freely" accessible online resources." Internet Reference Services Quarterly (2007) 11#4 pp: 169-179.
  • Campbell, Alex, and Mr Flint. "New Digital Tools Permit Professors Tailor Their Own Textbooks for Under $20 And that's just one option, along with mix-and-match Spider web sites from big publishers and libraries of open-source content." Chronicle of Higher Education (Oct 9, 2011). online
  • Carbaugh, Robert, and Koushik Ghosh. "Are higher textbooks priced fairly?." Challenge (2005) 48#five pp: 95-112.
  • Casper, Scott E.; et al. (2014). "Textbooks Today and Tomorrow: A Conversation virtually History, Teaching, and Economics". Journal of American History. 100 (4): 1139–1169. doi:10.1093/jahist/jau008.
  • Chiappetta, Eugene L., and David A. Fillman. "Analysis of 5 high schoolhouse biological science textbooks used in the United States for inclusion of the nature of science." International Journal of Science Education (2007) 29#15 pp: 1847-1868.
  • Doering, Torsten, Luiz Pereira, and Fifty. Kuechler. "The use of e-textbooks in higher education: A case study." Berlin (Germany): E-Leader (2012). online
  • Elliott, David L., and Arthur Woodward, eds. Textbooks and schooling in the Us Vol. 89. NSSE, 1990.
  • Kahveci, Ajda. "Quantitative analysis of science and chemistry textbooks for indicators of reform: A complementary perspective." International Journal of Science Educational activity (2010) 32#11 pp: 1495-1519.
  • Koulaidis, Vasilis, and Anna Tsatsaroni. "A pedagogical assay of science textbooks: How can we proceed?." Research in Science Education (1996) 26#1 pp: 55-71.
  • Liang, Ye, and William W. Cobern. "Assay of a Typical Chinese High School Biology Textbook Using the AAAS Textbook Standards." (2013). online
  • Myers, Gregory A (1992). "Textbooks and the sociology of scientific noesis". English for Specific Purposes. 11 (i): iii–17. doi:x.1016/0889-4906(92)90003-S.
  • Richardson, Paul W. "Reading and writing from textbooks in higher education: a example report from Economic science." Studies in Higher Education (2004) 29#4: 505-521. online; on Commonwealth of australia
  • Roediger Three, Henry L. "Writing Textbooks: Why Doesn't It Count?." Observer (2004) 17#5 online
  • Silver, Lawrence South., Robert E. Stevens, and Kenneth E. Clow. "Marketing professors' perspectives on the cost of college textbooks: a airplane pilot written report." Periodical of Pedagogy for Business organization (2012) 87#1 pp: 1-6.
  • Stone, Robert W., and Lori J. Bakery-Eveleth. "Students' intentions to purchase electronic textbooks." Journal of Computing in College Education (2013) 25#1 pp: 27-47.
  • Weiten, Wayne. "Objective features of introductory psychology textbooks as related to professors' impressions." Teaching of Psychology (1988) 15#one pp: ten-16.

External links [edit]

  • Textbooks used in Mexico in preschool, primary, secondary and high school instruction
  • Celebrated textbooks used in Mexico in primary school from 1960 to 2013

wardcalle1980.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook

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